Friday 30 September 2011

Extract- The Hustle (essay)

As soon as the audience are introduced to the scene, the representations of genders are very apparent. The roles of the males and females within the scene are shown through stereotypes, such as traditionally placing power in the man’s hands and objectifying the females as sexual objects (L.Mulvey, The Male Gaze). Throughout the scene, the use of various camera angles and movement, sounds, editing and mise-en-scene help to reveal each characters role and relevance to the scene as well as their representation.

The first characters in this scence that we see are the shop assistant and an older lady. The position of the camera is level with the shop assistant, in effect looking down on the older lady, this could show that the shop assistant thinks or is higher up in status/social class than the older lady. To help emphasise this point, the older lady is dressed in not so expensive or stylish clothes looking at highly priced designer wear. The camera reveals the way in which the shop assistant deals with the older lady; not interested as he believes she has no money or is not worthy to be in his shop. In this section of the extract, the audience can get a clear understanding of what kind of person the shop assistant is, even more so when we see a blonde, smartly dressed and well presented woman enter the shop. All the attention turns to her and we see the shop assistant looking more interested and willing to help because she looks like she has alot of money. We know she has money when the camera zooms to a close up of her hand in which shes wearing a huge diamond ring(proposing it could have some importance later on in the scene) and her well pronounced english could suggest a wealthy upbringing .The camera follows the blonde womans body up from toe to head revealing the stereotypical woman; perfect figure, beautiful and intelligent. Throughout the scene, the blonde woman brings the stereotypes upon herself. She becomes flirtacious in her tone of voice when trying on a sleek and sexy, long black dress that the shop assistant recommended to her, perhaps showing his feminime side (testing the male stereotype). She's shown to be rather ditzy when she looses her wedding ring in the shop and reveals that her husband will go crazy if she cant find it (stereotyping thr dominant male figure), but for who-ever does find it will get a reward of £5000. Immediately after she says that, the camera zooms up into the shop assistants face to see his reaction which makes him seem very keen on finding the ring and that he's probably only wanting to help find it on the fact of the generous reward.

Other camera angles and shots also help to reveal reactions and relationships between different characters.
A two-shot is used in the shop revealing the relationship and whats going on between the shop assistant and a blonde male that is testing his character and potentially setting him up in relation with the misplaced diamond ring. Another way in which the camera helps to show the roles of these two characters is the fact that the camera moves down onto the level of the blonde male rather than the level of the shop assistant, this could show that the blonde male is indeed more important and powerful. As the blonde male goes to walk out of the shop, there is a shallow depth of field where the blonde male is fully in focus but the shop assistant is blurred in the background and a direct mode of address in used when the blonde male looks straight into the camera and talks directly to the audience. Showing importance and hierachy of characters is also present in another scene, in which we get a two-shot of two men drinking and talking together in some sort of bar. We understand that one of these two characters is the more important character in perhaps the whole of the sequence because the upbeat and franctic music thats played throughtout the majority of the extract stops, exhibiting that maybe he's the boss and theres a more seriousness about him than any other.

Talking about different scenes, the use of screen wipes/inter-cutting helps to connect them together and makes the audeince believe that they are all happening relativley at the same time. Also sound is a connection between scenes and helps the audience remember whats happening in which because the upbeat, frantic music is only played in the scene with the shop assistant and blonde woman.

Pulling in everything together, editing, sound, camera use and different aspects of the mise-en-scene help give a representation of genders. Some stereotypes have been tested and some have shown the traditional and idealised roles of men and women.

Wednesday 28 September 2011

Media Terminology

Semiotics- the science of signs (Roland Barthes, 1964)

Denotation- example- Rose = flower/garden plant. What the thing actually is. (Roland Barthes, 1964)

Connotation- example- Rose = love, romance, desire, passion. Meaning that you associate with that sign. (Roland Barthes, 1964)


MICRO
MACRO (all impact on one another)
Mise-en-scene: clothing, props, hair + make-up, lighting and location
Narrative
Sound: accounts/dialect, music, sound effects…
Representation
Editing
Audience
Camera angles, movements & positions
Genre


Verisimilitude- creates realism (can relate with editing)

Proximity- where the characters are postitioned on screen. where they are in relation to the camera and other characters.

diagetic sounds- sounds that are natural (make it seem more real, e.g-gun shot) sound effects.
non-diagetic sounds- sounds that have been put on during the editing process (soundtrack)

mode of address- the way in which we talk to each other : tone of voice, whats being said...
direct mode of address- audience being spoken to directly


Example sequence-desperate housewives
Micro-analysis:

Sounds- mode of address is much accentuated & flirtatious (blondie). Unsure of what to say-continuity of editing when seeing facial reactions to what blondie is saying-ginger.

Music reflects the atmosphere (instrumental) seductive, fun and flirty with a slight awkwardness
Editing- shot reverse shot, reaction shot & continuous editing, length of shot taken, establishing shot, 180 degree rule, eye- line shot
Mise-en-scene- silk dressing gown un done with silk matching lingerie (blondie), social class-kitchen, dress, necklace (ginger),  one is in the kitchen-house wife, cooking fancy food(stereotypical), whilst blonde is beautiful and being catered to (another stereotype but takes on more of the man role, get up late and have breakfast cooked for you)
Camera angles- (work with editing) close up to show reactions, mid-shots-naked lady, over the shoulder.
Sexual innuendos? (seductive)

Extract: The Hustle
CAMERA
·         £5000 reward, close up of shop keeper’s face- reaction
·         Over the shoulder shots
·         Two shot of two men in the shop- shows their relationship
·         Second scene=men drinking and talking, two shot
·         Third shot- close up of a man talking on phone sorting something out (all related in some way in setting up the hustle?) man=powerful
·         Close up of ring (eye-line shot) of the ring, brings importance to the later part of the scene
·         Shop keeper, camera angle looking down onto old poorer women from his height-show shes below him.
·         Blonde man goes into shop, camera moves down more onto his level.

EDITING
·         Screen wipes from one scene to the next-editing (Inter-cutting/wipe transition) parallel scene. Made to believe it’s all related, happening at the same time
·         Shallow depth of field- man found the ring ‘…3, 2, 1’ and shop owner blurred in the background

SOUNDS
·         Upbeat, fast, frantic music whilst looking for ring
·         Music stops when men are talking in the bar, seriousness, he’s the boss. Proposing that he’s the more important one.

MISE-EN-SCENE
·         Big, diamond ring
·         Sexy, black dress
·         Posh boutique/shop
·         Blonde wig
·         old lady in normal, poorer clothes
·         blonde lady smartly dresses-money

OTHER
·         Old women, doesn’t look like she has a lot of money so shop keepers not interested. Shop owner- shallow person
·         Pretty, blonde women with big ring dressed nicely looks like she has money so shop keeper attends to her. Close up of her ring, camera follows her up from toe to head. BINARY OPPOSITIONS.
·         Representation- shop owner challenges stereotypes of male (camp, in a woman’s shop, bitchy)
·         Direct mode of address a couple times- talking directly to the audience
·         ‘Blonde’ wig- ditzy-lost her ring
·         Buys a black dress- dark, sinister, up to something
·         Ring lost, another man walks into a shop and “finds it”, but won’t hand it over to shop keeper. Over the shoulder whilst two men are talking, then two/mid shot to reveal their relationship
·         Another scene, women in café with other man in shop again maybe all related? (Talking to someone on the phone about the man she’s with that just walked into the café. Still being used within the group- woman
·         Shop keeper- feminine, camp
·         Blonde woman had very pronounced English, could say that she’s been brought up well, has a lot of money
·         Blonde woman draws stereotypes upon herself (ditzy, bimbo, flirty)
·         When she’s talking about the dress she tries on, her voice is very sexual and connotes the flirty side of her
·         “My husband is going to kill me”, males are the dominant figure
·         Late for her hair appointment- well kept, money, keeps her self-looking nice
·        

Tuesday 27 September 2011

Homework on TV Dramas





     


The female character i chose to test the stereotypes of a female role in tv dramas is 'Alex Drake' (played by Keeley Hawes) in Ashes to Ashes. The series tells the fictional story of Alex Drake, a policewoman in service with the London Metropolitan Police, who is shot in 2008, and inexplicably regains consciousness in 1981. Even though this chracter falls into some aspects of the stereotypical female, at the same time this role goes against them.
The ways in which she portrays the stereotypical female is that her physical attractions such as her figure and the fact that she is a beautiful woman overpowers the male. This pictures shows her in tight clothing, (which shows off her figure) sitting on car posing towards the camera. This would probably attract the attention of male viewers.
The ways in which it goes against the stereotypes of a females role, is that she has a job that is probably seen to be more of a 'mans' job rather than a womens. The main roles of a women are traditionally sidelined and scarce. Men are seen to have the more active and dominant roles, where as women are seen to play the more passive roles. Also in the role that she plays, she is intelligent, independant, confident and not in constant need of direction and protection from a male.


The character i think maybe fits generally more into the stereotyped female, is Effy (played by Kaya Scodelario) in the teenage programme Skins. Skins is a teen drama that follows a group of teenagers in Bristol, South West England, through the two years of college. The controversial plot line explores issues such as dysfunctional families, mental illness (eating disorders for example), adolescent sexuality, substance abuse and death. Effy fits into most of the stereotypes because she has the the physical attractions(looks and figure) a male would 'want' and her role makes her seem easy and vunerable. The importance of her role is shown as needing attention and protection from another male character, frightened and not very independant.
The picture of her portrays her character and puts the stereotypes into perspective, as she is dressed in very little and shes looking directly into the camera with a cheeky smile on her face (addressing the viewer).


 The character in a tv drama that i think has similaritys in character traits to me is Peyton Sawyer, (played by Hilarie Burton) in One Tree Hill. The reasons being our love for music, quiet but confident with a big group of friends, loyal and not afraid to try new things.

Monday 26 September 2011

Gender Representation Cont. (female)

Laura Mulvey-  Feminism & The Male Gaze
Influenced by Freud & Jacques Lucan, Mulvey sees that the representation of woman in film & literature (and therefore in soceity in general) as being dominated by a male point of view. Her belief is that the world is a patriarchy and that men have the 'active' roles and women 'passive'

Traditionally:
  • men play active roles which drive the narrative
  • women play passive roles and are seen as erotic objects which slow the narrative
  • men far outumber women
  • female roles are sidelined
  • lead roles for women - scarce.
Stereotypes:
  • bimbo
  • females physical attractions such as figure and breasts to overpower the male
  • easy
  • house wife
  • mother
  • intelligent, yet willing to settle down
Male Gaze:
  • two distinct modes of the male gaze of this era: voyeuritsic and fetishistic.
  • Mulvey argued that women where given two character types- sexually active female and powerless female
  • films presented images of women that were produced simply for the gratification of the male viewers
  • various studies in the 1970's found men to be the dominant characters and decision makers in film and tv production.
Importance:
where women had important roles they were far more likely to be shown as:
  • frightened
  • in need of protection and direction
  • offering support to the male lead character(s)
  • not independent or self driven
  • generally weaker
  • still objectified sexually
"women, in any fully human form, have almost been left out of film..." L Mulvey

Changes in society:
as womens roles change, so does media representation. Still objectified but also likely to be...
  • career driven
  • intelligent
  • confident
  • empowered
  • able (violent)
remember changes may be made cynically and in order to make money rather than change ideologies.

Misogyny:
Describes the fear or hatred of women leading to the discrimination, oppression, and devaluing of women in systematic, institutional, and individual ways. (feminists)

G322 TV Drama Exam January 2012

Overview of exam
section A- (first unit) to assess your media textual analysis and your understanding of the concept of representation using a short unseen moving image extract. (textual analysis and representations)

section B- assess your knowledge and understanding of media institutions and their production processeses, distribution strategies, use of technologies and related issues concerning audiences reception and consumption of media texts. (institutions and audiences)

EXAMINATION: 2 hours (including 30 minutes for viewing and making notes on the moving image extract, which you will watch 4 times)
QUESTIONS: candidates are required to answer two compulsory questions. The unit is marked out of 100, with each question marked out of 50.

Section A, area of focus:
  • camera angles, shot, movement and composition
  • mise-en-scene (clothing, light, props,setting/location, make-up, hair)
  • editing
  • sound

areas of representation (only one representation will be covered in the exam) :
  • gender
  • age
  • ethnicity
  • sexuality
  • class and status
  • physical ability,disability
  • regional identity
Marking criteria:
explanation/analysis/argument (20 marks)
use of examples (20 marks)
use of terminology (10 marks)

Friday 23 September 2011

Representation in media

By definition, all media texts are re-presentations of reality. This means that they are intentionally composed, lit, written, framed, cropped, captioned, branded, targeted and censored by their producers, and that they are entirely artificial versions of the reality we perceive around us. When studying the media it is vital to remember this - every media form, from a home video to a glossy magazine, is a representation of someone's concept of existence, codified into a series of signs and symbols which can be read by an audience. However, it is important to note that without the media, our perception of reality would be very limited, and that we, as an audience, need these artificial texts to mediate our view of the world, in other words we need the media to make sense of reality. Therefore representation is a fluid, two-way process: producers position a text somewhere in relation to reality and audiences assess a text on its relationship to reality.


> Hypodermic needle theory (very contraversial) = the idea that the media can ‘inject’ ideas and messages straight into the passive audience. This passive audience is immediately affected by these messages.

> Stuart Hall (1950) created this audience thoery- encode and decode.want us to read media text in their 'preferred' way. If we Decode their encoded TV texts, it will make us more likely to agree with what were being shown or being told.
example:
Yorkie chocolate bar, advertised it was a chocolate bar not for girls. this caused controversay and made women want to go and buy a yorkie bar even more just because its a chocloate bar for 'men'.


In order to fully appreciate the part representation plays in the media text, you must consider:
  • Who produced it?
  • What/who represented the text?
  • How is that thing being represented?
  • Why was this partticualr representation(this shot, framed from this angle, this story phrased in these terms etc..) selected and what might the alternatives have been?
  • What frame of reference does the audeince need to use when understanding the representation?

Representations of women across all media tend to highlight the following:
  • beauty (within narrow conventions)
  • size/physique (again, within narrow conventions)
  • sexuality (as expressed by above)
  • emotional (as opposed to intellectual) dealings
  • relationships (as opposed to independence/freedom)
Representations of masculinity:
'masculinity' is a concept thats is made up of more rigid stereotypes than 'feminimity'. Representations of men across all media tend to focus on the following:
  • strength- physical and intellectual
  • power
  • sexual attractiveness (which may be based on the above)
  • physique
  • independence (of thought, action)

Gender Representation

Personal Traits:


Masculine
Feminine
Arrogance
Strong
Brave/courageous
Work
Vain
Protective
Paternal(fatherly)
Sporty
Proud
Tall
Brash
Think they know everything


Petite(figure than of that to men)
Fragrant
Vain
Head strong
maternal(motherly)
jealousy
organised
stubborn
influential
Bitchy
Wanting to impress
concious of how we look 


Objects:


Masculine
Feminine
Football
rugby
Beer
Builder
Gym
Cars/mechanics
Hammer
Lawnmower
Paparazzi
Sofa
DIY
Boobs




Shoes
Bags
Make up
Mirror
Accessories
Clothes
Fragrance
Health
Journalism
Hoover(cleaning)
Kitchen (cooking)
Creative





(STEREOTYPICAL)

NATURE VS NUTURE
CHICKEN OR THE EGG

actors and actresses brainstorm
MILA KUNIS,ASHTON KUTCHER,JOHNNY DEPP,ORLANDO BLOOM,EMMA ROBERTS,JUSTIN TIMBERLAKE,ADAM SANDLER,JULIA ROBERTS,GEORGRE CLOONEY,BEN STILLER,ROBERT DE NIRO,MORGAN FREEMAN,DENZEL WASHINGTON,ELLEN PAIGE,ROBERT SHEEHAN,MEGAN FOX,SHIA LABOEUF,CAMRON DIAZ,DREW BARRYMORE,JENIFER ANISTON,MATT LE BLANC,DAVID SHWIMMER,MILEY CYRUS

Monday 19 September 2011

Production Rules

180 degree rule

                                         
orienting the audience.
The 180° rule is a basic guideline in film making that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other.

Match on Action:
Connects two shots cut together by having a character finish an action in the second shot that begun in the first shot (making sequence flow, action is fluid).  For instance, if a character lights a match in the first shot, the same character will draw it up to a cigarette in the second.

A process of cutting a sequence of the same action together to make it appear seamless. A technique used in continuity editing.

Continuity Editing:
An editing style that aims to present the text in a linear and chronological manner to emphasize the real-time movement of the narrative and to create a sense of realism for the viewer by giving the impression of continuous filming.

Referred to as invisible editing, so that the whole sequence looks natural.

Shot reverse shot:
Shot reverse shot (or shot/countershot) is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer assumes that they are looking at each other.
(not necessrily dialogue)

Eye-line match:
cut to an object, then to a person. This technique shows what a person seems to be looking at and can reveal a character’s thoughts.

shots are matched by the linkage from the gaze of one character towards another character. If character A looks down to see character B, character B will look up to see character A.

A cut between a character looking at something and the something at which the character gazes. For instance, a telephone rings and we see a character glance off screen. The next shot is of the telephone.

Tv drama examples

TV Dramas
Genre
Narrative(storyline)
Channel
Time
Eastenders
soap
Relationships (neighbourhood)
BBC 1
7:30/ 8:00 pm
Desperate housewives
Adults/ family
Relationships
Channel 4
10.00 pm
Fringe
Sci-fi
Parallel universe
Sky 1
10.00 pm
One tree hill
Family
Relationships
E4
9:00 pm
Hollyoaks
Soap
Relationships
Channel 4

Shameless
Soap (teen)
Drugs and sex
Channel 4
10/11:00 pm
Skins
Soap (teen drama)
Adolescence
E4
10:00 pm
Misfits
Soap (teen) sci-fi
Rebellious
E4
11:00 pm
C.S.I
Medical
Murder
Channel 5
Varies
Downtown Abbey
Period
War/drama
ITV 1
9:00 pm
90210
Teen
Relationships
E4
9:00 pm
The Bill
Soap (crime)
Police/ casualties
ITV 1
9:00 pm